Constitutional allocation of authority
Article I vests the legislative powers granted by the Constitution in Congress, Article II vests executive power in the President, and Article III vests judicial power in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by Congress. Lawmaking, execution and adjudication thus receive distinct institutional assignments.
Article III also protects judges’ tenure during good behaviour and prevents diminution of their compensation while in office. These protections support the judiciary’s institutional position. A distinct responsibility does not mean that an institution operates without laws or support from other branches.
References: [1]
Shared procedures within separated institutions
Ordinary bills passed by Congress go to the President under Article I, Section 7 for signature or return. Following a veto, the chambers may pass a bill again with the specified two-thirds majorities. The President nominates Supreme Court justices and specified officers, while the Senate participates through the constitutional consent process.
These procedures place powers from different institutions within one sequence of action. A veto preserves congressional reconsideration, and Senate participation in appointments does not give it sole selection of every executive official. Each procedure has a defined scope.
References: [1]
Adjudication, enforcement and accountability
Federal courts interpret and apply law in the cases they hear and decide constitutional questions involving federal laws. The federal judiciary’s institutional explanation also notes its dependence on the executive branch to enforce decisions, distinguishing adjudicative authority from implementation.
The Constitution divides impeachment between the House and Senate and specifies the officials and grounds involved. Separation and checks consist of particular procedures, rather than a general permission for any branch to overturn any other institution whenever it wishes.