Theoretical research in Göttingen
Born trained in mathematics and physics and worked on relativity and crystal-lattice dynamics. He became a professor in Göttingen in 1921, linking theoretical research with James Franck’s experimental programme. Heisenberg, Jordan and numerous other physicists worked or studied in this environment.
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Quantum mechanics and probability
In 1925–1926 Born worked with Heisenberg and Jordan on matrix mechanics. He also developed a statistical interpretation connecting Schrödinger’s wavefunction with probabilities of experimental outcomes. This complemented equations governing the state’s evolution by explaining how it relates to observed results.
Work after leaving Germany
Forced to leave Germany in 1933, Born worked in Cambridge and visited the Indian Institute of Science. He became Tait Professor in Edinburgh in 1936 and retired in 1953. The 1954 physics prize specifically recognised his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction. He died in 1970.