The Republic of Turkey is established

Ottoman defeat in the First World War brought occupation and proposed territorial settlements. Mustafa Kemal organized a national movement, assembly, and army from Ankara against occupation and conditions accepted by the old government. War with Greek and other forces changed the situation, and the sultanate ended in 1922. Imperial regions experienced separation, migration, and losses while the national government increasingly controlled decisions about the emerging political order.

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The Treaty of Lausanne established international arrangements in 1923. Population exchange between Greece and Turkey forced many families to migrate. Ankara became the capital, and the assembly proclaimed a republic in October, choosing Kemal as president. Parts of Ottoman administration remained, but political authority and territorial identity were redefined. Abolition of the caliphate followed in 1924. Institutions developed amid particular relationships between army, assembly, and the governing party.

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Reforms subsequently changed schooling and law, introduced a civil code, and promoted a Latin-based Turkish alphabet in 1928. People had to learn new writing, and publishing, education, and official records changed. Women’s rights expanded through legal and electoral measures. Support for reform coexisted with restrictions on religious practice, local identities, and opposition. Old administrative personnel and new rules operated together, producing different adjustments in cities, villages, and communities across the republic.

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