The Mexican Revolution begins

Railways, mining, and foreign investment expanded under Díaz, alongside concentrated landholding and restricted political participation. Rural communities lost common lands, workers faced low wages and repression, and opponents struggled to change government through elections. Madero issued the Plan of San Luis after the disputed election of 1910 and called for resistance. Díaz left power in 1911, but the new government confronted demands extending beyond a change of president.

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Zapata demanded restoration of land in the south, Villa organized forces in the north, and Madero sought electoral government. A coup and assassination returned the country to war. Carranza’s constitutionalists and other movements competed for authority. Railways carried forces and supplies; women known as soldaderas provided care, provisioning, and sometimes fought. Requisition and migration affected inhabitants. Shifting alliances reflected military outcomes, local land relations, and disagreements over the state being built.

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The Constitution of 1917 included land, labour, and education provisions, with national powers over resources and protections concerning work. Implementation took years. Subsequent land reform, unions, and government consolidation continued changing society. Revolution created new governing groups while leaving violence and concentrated power. Mining, oil, and agriculture remained central policy fields as reconstruction reorganized relationships between government and social groups across the country.

References: [1]