Zarya launches: the first module of the International Space Station

The International Space Station was built through separate launches and assembly in orbit. On November 20, 1998, a Proton rocket launched the Zarya functional cargo block from Baikonur, placing its first large component in Earth orbit.

Built in Russia and purchased with US funding, Zarya supplied early electrical power, propulsion and control, sustaining the station while further modules were added.

References: [1]

Zarya’s solar arrays powered its equipment, with batteries supporting operations during orbital darkness. Tanks and propulsion controlled attitude and adjusted the orbit, while connection equipment prepared it for later modules.

These functions allowed the first module to operate independently while awaiting subsequent launches. Power, orientation and communication had to continue throughout that wait.

References: [1]

In December 1998 Endeavour carried the Unity node into orbit. The STS-88 crew captured Zarya with the robotic arm, joined the modules and connected power and communications during spacewalks.

Unity provided multiple connection directions for later modules and structures. Separately manufactured hardware became a combined system that could be extended.

References: [1]

Zvezda joined in 2000 with living space and life-support functions, followed that year by the first long-duration crew. Laboratories, trusses, solar arrays and other facilities were added while spacecraft supplied people, equipment and provisions.

Zarya’s launch began the assembly sequence. The 2010 reference guide records module functions, installation and operations, showing how multiple missions built a large orbital facility.

References: [1]