The city and the besieging army
By the mid-fifteenth century, Byzantine territory had contracted sharply, though Constantinople retained its walls, harbor and political standing. Mehmed II assembled troops, ships, artillery and supplies and sought to isolate the city. Defenders included local forces and helpers from elsewhere. During the spring siege of 1453, bombardment, repairs and naval actions repeatedly tested the city’s provisions and remaining military resources.
Capture and the residents’ circumstances
On 29 May 1453, Ottoman troops broke through and captured Constantinople; Constantine XI died during the fighting. Residents suffered death, captivity and property loss. Mehmed selected the city as a seat of government, converted some religious buildings and appointed new officials and religious leaders. After the conquest, rulers faced the practical work of restoring habitation, supplies and public order.
Repopulation and rebuilding
The court encouraged and compelled migration from other regions. Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities took part in rebuilding. Markets, palaces, mosques and infrastructure expanded as older quarters were reused. Connections to the Black Sea, Mediterranean and land routes supported officials and merchants. Byzantine buildings and local traditions remained within new religious, administrative and commercial arrangements as the city developed an Ottoman capital’s institutions and spaces.